Questions from Reading: Securing the Peace, pgs. 12 - 21
1. Why did Woodrow Wilson not take any Republicans with him to Europe for the Peace Conference?
Wilson had a strong dislike for Lodge, a republican, he was also bitter about midterm elections.
2. Why was Wilson welcomed in Paris?
Wilson was an American and the citizens of Paris saw Americans as heroes because they had helped defeat the Germans.
3. The idea of self-rule, which Wilson advocated, was not included in the Treaty to the extent Wilson had hoped. Why not?
The other countries did not like they idea because it was not harsh on Germany and did not want "a peace without victory".
4. The Allied Big Four - Wilson, Lloyd George, Orlando, and Clemenceau - discussed the question of whether to invite the conquered Germans and the new Russian Bolsehvik government to the Versailles Conference and its negotiations but decided against it. Was the decision justified? Explain your reasoning.
I do not think it was justified because the decision was made only for the sake of revenge. It was not a very diplomatic move and could only give Germans more reason to dislike those countries. Creating a treaty that would have such a drastic impact on both countries and not allowing them to be a part of it can not be logically justified.
5. Which Big Four leader showed up at the Paris Conference with the most strenght to influence the proceedings? Which was the weakest? Why?
Clemenceau, Wilson and George were all very powerful, with Wilson probably in the highest position. Italy was the weakest. Wilson was the only head of state. Italy was smaller than the other countries and had originally been a central power.
6. Why did Wilson have such difficulty seeing his Fourteen Points written into the Peace Plan?
The other countries were set on revenge on Germany.
7. Explain Article X of the League of Nations Covenant. What problems with the covenant did some Americans have?
Article X essentially said that the boundaries decided upon at the conference would need to be maintained. Many Americans disapproved because they felt it would threaten U.S. isolationism and cause the U.S. to get tangled in European affairs,
Saturday, December 19, 2009
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace
1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
The 14th point was to create the League of Nations.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
The Treaty barred Germany from creating an army and made them pay for war damages.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
It humiliated Germany with a war-guilt clause, making them claim responsibility for starting the war. Also, because Russia was excluded from the peace treaty it lost more land than Germany did.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He believed that a league of nations would threaten the U.S. foreign policy of isolation.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He ignored the republican majority and when he chose members of the American delegation and refused to compromise.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
Nothing had been settled by the treaty of versailles and there was massive destruction and damaged social and political systems.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
The French premier.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
The British prime minister.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Russia was not involved in the peace conference at all and as a result suffered badly. The country had recently been taken over by communists and was in disarray and was not able to participate in the conference.
The 14th point was to create the League of Nations.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
The Treaty barred Germany from creating an army and made them pay for war damages.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
It humiliated Germany with a war-guilt clause, making them claim responsibility for starting the war. Also, because Russia was excluded from the peace treaty it lost more land than Germany did.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He believed that a league of nations would threaten the U.S. foreign policy of isolation.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He ignored the republican majority and when he chose members of the American delegation and refused to compromise.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
Nothing had been settled by the treaty of versailles and there was massive destruction and damaged social and political systems.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
The French premier.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
The British prime minister.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Russia was not involved in the peace conference at all and as a result suffered badly. The country had recently been taken over by communists and was in disarray and was not able to participate in the conference.
Friday, December 11, 2009
WWI-The War at Home
What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?
1. War Industries Board-Under the WIB, industrial production in the United States increases by about 20%
2. Railroad Administration- The railroad administration controlled the railroads.
3. Fuel Administration-the fuel administration helped promote the conservation of fuel.
4. National War Labor Board-Improved factory conditions but also told workers they had to "work or fight".
5. Food Administration-Helped to conserve food during the war, instead of rationing some days were "meatless" or "sweetless" ect.
6. Committee on Public Information-was in charge of creating propaganda that promoted the war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts-Targeted socialists and labor leaders, they prevented these people from discouraging others protest the war.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
George Creel was the head of CPI and was responsible for distributing lots of war propaganda that encouraged people to support the war. Bernard M. Baruch was head of the WIB and helped make the production of war supplies more efficient.
1. War Industries Board-Under the WIB, industrial production in the United States increases by about 20%
2. Railroad Administration- The railroad administration controlled the railroads.
3. Fuel Administration-the fuel administration helped promote the conservation of fuel.
4. National War Labor Board-Improved factory conditions but also told workers they had to "work or fight".
5. Food Administration-Helped to conserve food during the war, instead of rationing some days were "meatless" or "sweetless" ect.
6. Committee on Public Information-was in charge of creating propaganda that promoted the war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts-Targeted socialists and labor leaders, they prevented these people from discouraging others protest the war.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
George Creel was the head of CPI and was responsible for distributing lots of war propaganda that encouraged people to support the war. Bernard M. Baruch was head of the WIB and helped make the production of war supplies more efficient.
Friday, December 4, 2009
The U.S Enters World War I
Read Chapter 19-2 and post your answers to the following questions. These are due on Friday by 3:10 p.m.
Title: The U.S. enters World War I Labels: Wilson, WWI
1. How did the United States raise an army?
The U.S. raised an army with the Selective Service act, which required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
U.S. soldiers helped win the second battle of Marne, which caused the tide to turn against the Central Powers.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The estimated economic cost of the war was $338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
The total death toll of WWI was around 22 million, more than half of those deaths were civillian (the rest military,)20 million people were wounded or injured and 10 million people became refugees.
5. Define armistice.
Armistice is the truce that ended the war.
Title: The U.S. enters World War I Labels: Wilson, WWI
1. How did the United States raise an army?
The U.S. raised an army with the Selective Service act, which required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
U.S. soldiers helped win the second battle of Marne, which caused the tide to turn against the Central Powers.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The estimated economic cost of the war was $338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
The total death toll of WWI was around 22 million, more than half of those deaths were civillian (the rest military,)20 million people were wounded or injured and 10 million people became refugees.
5. Define armistice.
Armistice is the truce that ended the war.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
World War I Begins
1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.
The four main causes of WWI were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, the formation of the Alliance System. Nationalism was a cause because it often led to intense competition between countries and rivalries, for example, other European countries were afraid of Germany's growing power. Imperialism was a cause because as Germany industrialized it competed with France and Britain for control over colonies. Militarism was the development of armed forces as a mean of diplomacy, with all the countries building bigger armies, more weapons, greater navies ect. Britain was originally not intimidated by Germany but as Germany expanded its naval force they became more fearful.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
Austria-Hungary was so furious at Serbia that they wanted to go to war with them, so they asked for Germany's permission because Germany was also one of the central powers. Germany said yes because Austria-Hungary thought it would be a quick and easy war. However, Russia felt the need to come to Serbia's aid, turning the war into much more of a power struggle. Germany came to assist Austria-Hungary. Britain and France, also allies with Russia joined in the fight to help Russia.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
During the first few months of fighting, Germany attempted to launch the Schleiffen Plan and invaded Belgium. The French were unable to save Belgium, so instead they halted the Germans at the Marne river. Neither side was able to outflank the other side and as a result trench systems were developed.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The war did not directly affect American lives or property, some believed that war was evil, others did not want their sons exposed to the horrors of modern warfare.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
Naturalized citizens often still felt connected with the countries from which they emigrated, socialists saw it as a capitalist struggle between Britain and Germany, pacifists believed that was was evil and morally wrong, parents did not want their sons to have to be exposed to the brutality of war.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany responded with a counter-blockade using uboats (submarines) which attacked all ships even unarmed merchant ships. The U.S. was angered by the british blockade because it hindered their trade with great britain and france. However, when Germans began sinking ships with U.S. citizens on board and Americans became outraged and determined to destroy the Central Powers.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
When Germany ignored Wilson's peaceful efforts and announced that it would sink all ships in the water, neutral or not.
The four main causes of WWI were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, the formation of the Alliance System. Nationalism was a cause because it often led to intense competition between countries and rivalries, for example, other European countries were afraid of Germany's growing power. Imperialism was a cause because as Germany industrialized it competed with France and Britain for control over colonies. Militarism was the development of armed forces as a mean of diplomacy, with all the countries building bigger armies, more weapons, greater navies ect. Britain was originally not intimidated by Germany but as Germany expanded its naval force they became more fearful.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
Austria-Hungary was so furious at Serbia that they wanted to go to war with them, so they asked for Germany's permission because Germany was also one of the central powers. Germany said yes because Austria-Hungary thought it would be a quick and easy war. However, Russia felt the need to come to Serbia's aid, turning the war into much more of a power struggle. Germany came to assist Austria-Hungary. Britain and France, also allies with Russia joined in the fight to help Russia.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
During the first few months of fighting, Germany attempted to launch the Schleiffen Plan and invaded Belgium. The French were unable to save Belgium, so instead they halted the Germans at the Marne river. Neither side was able to outflank the other side and as a result trench systems were developed.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The war did not directly affect American lives or property, some believed that war was evil, others did not want their sons exposed to the horrors of modern warfare.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
Naturalized citizens often still felt connected with the countries from which they emigrated, socialists saw it as a capitalist struggle between Britain and Germany, pacifists believed that was was evil and morally wrong, parents did not want their sons to have to be exposed to the brutality of war.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany responded with a counter-blockade using uboats (submarines) which attacked all ships even unarmed merchant ships. The U.S. was angered by the british blockade because it hindered their trade with great britain and france. However, when Germans began sinking ships with U.S. citizens on board and Americans became outraged and determined to destroy the Central Powers.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
When Germany ignored Wilson's peaceful efforts and announced that it would sink all ships in the water, neutral or not.
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
America as a World Power
1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
Roosevelt mediated a settlement between the Russians and the Japenese by building on the Open Door policy notes to increase american influence in east asia.because the Japenese were running out of men and money and did not want to admit it to Russia they approached Roosevelt in secret and asked him to mediate a settlement between them.The first meeting took place on a presidential yacht where Roosevelt's charm helped both parties to relax.Roosevelt convinced the Japenese to accept only half of Sakhalin island and recieve no cash payment. In return the russians let japan take over russian interest in manchuria and korea. Roosevelt's efforts earned him the 1906 nobel peace prize.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many americans including rooselvelt felt that america needed a passage way to cut from the atalantic to the pacific ocean through central america.It was very important because it would make the journey cross oceans much shorter and less dangerous for comercial ships. The Hay-pauncefote treaty gave the US exclusive rights to built a canal in central america, instead of the previous agreement that the US and great Britain both ad rights. Earlier france had attempted to build the canal in panama but failed. A french agent was sent to the US to try and convince them to buy that claim to land. When pananma declared its independance they sighned a treaty with the uS where the US payed them to use the space for the canal, the payments were to start in 1913.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
It said that the United states would now use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft used the Dollar diplomacy to loan nicaragua enough money to pay its debts and the bankers recovered their money through collection of the country's custom duties.
He used US government guarentee loans to allow Amrican businesss men to laon out money to foreign countries which is often used as justification for the Roosevelt colollary.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
He felt that the governmetn should not be recognized because the dictator, Huerta, acted barbarically. Wilson waited for an oppurtunity to invade mexico, which came when Heurta's officers arrsted a group of american sailors. Wilson quickly invaded Mexico and took control of veracruz, an important Mexican port.
Wilson invaded Mexico because
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
Three major foreign policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century were :
expansion of access to foreign markets, (the situation between japan and russia, expansion of the open door policy)
Built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad
The United states exercised its national police power to gain control over latin America (the Rossevelt Corollary, Dollar diplomacy)
Roosevelt mediated a settlement between the Russians and the Japenese by building on the Open Door policy notes to increase american influence in east asia.because the Japenese were running out of men and money and did not want to admit it to Russia they approached Roosevelt in secret and asked him to mediate a settlement between them.The first meeting took place on a presidential yacht where Roosevelt's charm helped both parties to relax.Roosevelt convinced the Japenese to accept only half of Sakhalin island and recieve no cash payment. In return the russians let japan take over russian interest in manchuria and korea. Roosevelt's efforts earned him the 1906 nobel peace prize.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many americans including rooselvelt felt that america needed a passage way to cut from the atalantic to the pacific ocean through central america.It was very important because it would make the journey cross oceans much shorter and less dangerous for comercial ships. The Hay-pauncefote treaty gave the US exclusive rights to built a canal in central america, instead of the previous agreement that the US and great Britain both ad rights. Earlier france had attempted to build the canal in panama but failed. A french agent was sent to the US to try and convince them to buy that claim to land. When pananma declared its independance they sighned a treaty with the uS where the US payed them to use the space for the canal, the payments were to start in 1913.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
It said that the United states would now use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft used the Dollar diplomacy to loan nicaragua enough money to pay its debts and the bankers recovered their money through collection of the country's custom duties.
He used US government guarentee loans to allow Amrican businesss men to laon out money to foreign countries which is often used as justification for the Roosevelt colollary.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
He felt that the governmetn should not be recognized because the dictator, Huerta, acted barbarically. Wilson waited for an oppurtunity to invade mexico, which came when Heurta's officers arrsted a group of american sailors. Wilson quickly invaded Mexico and took control of veracruz, an important Mexican port.
Wilson invaded Mexico because
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
Three major foreign policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century were :
expansion of access to foreign markets, (the situation between japan and russia, expansion of the open door policy)
Built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad
The United states exercised its national police power to gain control over latin America (the Rossevelt Corollary, Dollar diplomacy)
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Imperialism's Bitter Fruit
Questions for Epilogue: Imperialism’s Bitter Fruit (pages 32-37)
1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
The Filipinos had believed that they were fighting for their independence, and had assumed that they would be granted that independence after the war was over. But American troops were stationed in the Philippines still.
b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
This was more of a guerilla war-fare rather than a more organized war like they had faced in Cuba. Common rules of was in western warfare were completely ignored.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
They were critical of the racist attitudes that the military had of the Filippinos. Filippinos were often called "niggers" by white enlisted men. Also, being a soldier stationed in the Philippines still subjected black soldiers to the same discrimination that they faced at home in the U.S.
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a.Imperialism would increase war and conflict around the world
b.Legal complications came with new territories
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
American technology contributed to rapid development on the islands, roads were built, telegraph lines, finances reorganized, new schools better sanitation and the disappearance of yellow fever were all positive affects.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a. The U.S.'s right to oversee the Cuban economy
b. exercise veto power over Cuba foreign policy,
c.intervene when necessary (for the protection of "life property and individual liberty),
d.allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of Guantanamo Bay.
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
The United States had defeated the Spanish, who were previously in control of Cuba, so by the logic that the U.S. has claims to any of Spain's former possessions than yes the U.S. was justified in making these demands. The choice to limit Cuba's freedom was not necessarily the "kindest" thing to do, but justification in the U.S.'s imperialistic has more to do with who is more powerful than what is best for another country. However, these demands would be hard to justify as in a moral light.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
Yes I believe that the United States was imperialist because the foreign policy of the time showed little regard for anything other than the gaining of U.S. power. For example, the U.S. when they take over various pacific ocean islands does so with the primary focus of making economic and military gains. Although the U.S. presence in places like Puerto Rico and Cuba did lead to some positive things, it benefitted the U.S. the most and essentially came down to a question of increasing the U.S.'s power, which is the goal of imperialism-power through the conquering of other lands.
1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
The Filipinos had believed that they were fighting for their independence, and had assumed that they would be granted that independence after the war was over. But American troops were stationed in the Philippines still.
b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
This was more of a guerilla war-fare rather than a more organized war like they had faced in Cuba. Common rules of was in western warfare were completely ignored.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
They were critical of the racist attitudes that the military had of the Filippinos. Filippinos were often called "niggers" by white enlisted men. Also, being a soldier stationed in the Philippines still subjected black soldiers to the same discrimination that they faced at home in the U.S.
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a.Imperialism would increase war and conflict around the world
b.Legal complications came with new territories
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
American technology contributed to rapid development on the islands, roads were built, telegraph lines, finances reorganized, new schools better sanitation and the disappearance of yellow fever were all positive affects.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a. The U.S.'s right to oversee the Cuban economy
b. exercise veto power over Cuba foreign policy,
c.intervene when necessary (for the protection of "life property and individual liberty),
d.allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of Guantanamo Bay.
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
The United States had defeated the Spanish, who were previously in control of Cuba, so by the logic that the U.S. has claims to any of Spain's former possessions than yes the U.S. was justified in making these demands. The choice to limit Cuba's freedom was not necessarily the "kindest" thing to do, but justification in the U.S.'s imperialistic has more to do with who is more powerful than what is best for another country. However, these demands would be hard to justify as in a moral light.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
Yes I believe that the United States was imperialist because the foreign policy of the time showed little regard for anything other than the gaining of U.S. power. For example, the U.S. when they take over various pacific ocean islands does so with the primary focus of making economic and military gains. Although the U.S. presence in places like Puerto Rico and Cuba did lead to some positive things, it benefitted the U.S. the most and essentially came down to a question of increasing the U.S.'s power, which is the goal of imperialism-power through the conquering of other lands.
Saturday, October 31, 2009
Spanish-American War (1898)
Questions for Part II—The Spanish-American War
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
American investors had over $50 million invested in Cuban markets. Most of it in the island's sugar industry.
The U.S was also the largest consumer of Cuban sugar. In 1890, the United States removed tariffs on Cuban sugar, making it less expensive to buy. This boosted the Cuban economy and increased the profits of AMerican investors on the island and Cuban American trade approached $100 million dollars annually.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps"?
To try and crush the cuban revolt through isolation, the Spanish government sent hundreds of Cuban peasants into towns policed by Spanish forces. These camps did not have enough food, housing or sanitation and led to the spread of disease as well as many deaths from starvation and killed thousands in total.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a.
American sympathized with the Cubans. At first, business men wanted their profits in Cuba protected but later they believed that a war with Spain would give the U.S. more economic and political power.
b.
The de Lome letter made the U.S. furious at the Spanish
c.
The sinking of the Maine. Many people believed that the Spanish had sunk it because the press immediately blamed Spanish authorities before a thorough investigation took place.
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I believe that the sinking of the Maine is the most important because it was what united American opinion on the war. Before the country was still largely divided on whether or not they should go to war with Spain but after The MAine sunk and the papers blamed the Spanish, Americans were so enraged that there was no longer a question on whether or not there should be a war with Spain.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The amendment stated that the united states did not want assert " sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" on Cuba and promised the Cuban government control over the island.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A U.S. fleet was to attack a Spanish fleet stationed in the Philippines.
7. Dewey’s victory in the _____________Manila Harbor_______________ sparked an outpouring of ______pride___________ in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
They were eager to fight in Cuba after Dewey's victory.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
African Americans wanted to gain more status. They hoped that by fighting in the war the blacks could gain more respect and reduce discrimination.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
In the military, blacks were denied promotion into the officer corps. Originally when many black soldiers volunteered to fight they were rejected by all but 3 states. Black regiments were not given the chance to fight in Cuba. They were discriminated against at bases in the United States.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a.After the war in Cuba, Cuban rebels were invited to confer on the surrender. The US ignored the Cuban rebels and did not believe them to be capable of managing themselves. Many of the Cuban rebels were black.
b. Although the Filipinos thought that the Americans would grant them their independence after the war, the United States did not believe that the Filipino people were capable of running their own country.
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
American investors had over $50 million invested in Cuban markets. Most of it in the island's sugar industry.
The U.S was also the largest consumer of Cuban sugar. In 1890, the United States removed tariffs on Cuban sugar, making it less expensive to buy. This boosted the Cuban economy and increased the profits of AMerican investors on the island and Cuban American trade approached $100 million dollars annually.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps"?
To try and crush the cuban revolt through isolation, the Spanish government sent hundreds of Cuban peasants into towns policed by Spanish forces. These camps did not have enough food, housing or sanitation and led to the spread of disease as well as many deaths from starvation and killed thousands in total.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a.
American sympathized with the Cubans. At first, business men wanted their profits in Cuba protected but later they believed that a war with Spain would give the U.S. more economic and political power.
b.
The de Lome letter made the U.S. furious at the Spanish
c.
The sinking of the Maine. Many people believed that the Spanish had sunk it because the press immediately blamed Spanish authorities before a thorough investigation took place.
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I believe that the sinking of the Maine is the most important because it was what united American opinion on the war. Before the country was still largely divided on whether or not they should go to war with Spain but after The MAine sunk and the papers blamed the Spanish, Americans were so enraged that there was no longer a question on whether or not there should be a war with Spain.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The amendment stated that the united states did not want assert " sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" on Cuba and promised the Cuban government control over the island.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A U.S. fleet was to attack a Spanish fleet stationed in the Philippines.
7. Dewey’s victory in the _____________Manila Harbor_______________ sparked an outpouring of ______pride___________ in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
They were eager to fight in Cuba after Dewey's victory.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
African Americans wanted to gain more status. They hoped that by fighting in the war the blacks could gain more respect and reduce discrimination.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
In the military, blacks were denied promotion into the officer corps. Originally when many black soldiers volunteered to fight they were rejected by all but 3 states. Black regiments were not given the chance to fight in Cuba. They were discriminated against at bases in the United States.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a.After the war in Cuba, Cuban rebels were invited to confer on the surrender. The US ignored the Cuban rebels and did not believe them to be capable of managing themselves. Many of the Cuban rebels were black.
b. Although the Filipinos thought that the Americans would grant them their independence after the war, the United States did not believe that the Filipino people were capable of running their own country.
Friday, October 30, 2009
Imperialism: The origins of global power
Questions for Introduction and Part I - The Origins of a Global Power
1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
American plantation owners and U.S. marines had favored bringing the islands under American control. Hawaii was a critical stopping point in the Pacific ocean for ships and was rich in sugar plantations.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
1. Immigration- broadened america's ethnic diversity
2. Urban Growth- agriculture no longer held all the power, big citites led to problems like overcrowding.
3. Trade- Americans began to compete successfully with European counter parts.
4. 1893 depression- shook American optimism and and led workers to realize how vulnerable they were.
5. Westward Expansion-led Americans to bleieve in Manifest destiny, spread American influence across the world.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
City dwellers worried about losing jobs while business owners worried about losing profits. For the nation's farmers things got very bad because they were already in a slump. Farmers were suffering the most.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism were attached to the frontier.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Without land to conquer and inhabit, old white americans were concerned of losing the values attached to the frontier.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
Policy expansionists said expansion overseas (chinese markets) would fuel economic growth. Imperialsists said that it helped the US gain greater political power.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
They supported claims that some races (white ) were superior to others. If the Americans felt superior to others, it would be easy for tem to conquer them. The influence of these theories is not as significant today, however they probably do play a role in some political thinking.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
To essentially take over the world and occupy all lands and for anglo-saxons to become the dominat race. They believed tat God had specially blessed the americans.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
Hawaii-were afraid of the Japenese gaining power on the islands
Samoa-agedd to treaty that gave them access to the tiny pacific islands
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
They thought the Biritsh were "bullying" venezuela. The country held large amounts of gold. They did not want other european countries taking over latin america.
1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
American plantation owners and U.S. marines had favored bringing the islands under American control. Hawaii was a critical stopping point in the Pacific ocean for ships and was rich in sugar plantations.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
1. Immigration- broadened america's ethnic diversity
2. Urban Growth- agriculture no longer held all the power, big citites led to problems like overcrowding.
3. Trade- Americans began to compete successfully with European counter parts.
4. 1893 depression- shook American optimism and and led workers to realize how vulnerable they were.
5. Westward Expansion-led Americans to bleieve in Manifest destiny, spread American influence across the world.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
City dwellers worried about losing jobs while business owners worried about losing profits. For the nation's farmers things got very bad because they were already in a slump. Farmers were suffering the most.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism were attached to the frontier.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Without land to conquer and inhabit, old white americans were concerned of losing the values attached to the frontier.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
Policy expansionists said expansion overseas (chinese markets) would fuel economic growth. Imperialsists said that it helped the US gain greater political power.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
They supported claims that some races (white ) were superior to others. If the Americans felt superior to others, it would be easy for tem to conquer them. The influence of these theories is not as significant today, however they probably do play a role in some political thinking.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
To essentially take over the world and occupy all lands and for anglo-saxons to become the dominat race. They believed tat God had specially blessed the americans.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
Hawaii-were afraid of the Japenese gaining power on the islands
Samoa-agedd to treaty that gave them access to the tiny pacific islands
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
They thought the Biritsh were "bullying" venezuela. The country held large amounts of gold. They did not want other european countries taking over latin america.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Spanish-American War (1898)
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners
American business owners were investing millions of dollars on the sugar plantations of Cuba, a Spanish territory.
2. José Martí
A cuban poet and journalist, launched a revolution against Spain.
3. Valeriano Weyler
Spanish General sent to Cubs to resolve disorder. Tried to crush revolt by setting up concentration camps.
4. Yellow journalism
Sensational style of writing, increases American sympathy for Cuba.
5. De Lôme letter
Private letter leaked to the public, critisizing president Mckinley.
6. U.S.S. Maine
American ship to cuba to bring home american citizens, explodes.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba
Freed from Spain
8. Puerto Rico
became a US territory
9. Guam
became a US Territory
10. Philippine Islands
Goes to the U.S. for 20 million dollars.
1. American business owners
American business owners were investing millions of dollars on the sugar plantations of Cuba, a Spanish territory.
2. José Martí
A cuban poet and journalist, launched a revolution against Spain.
3. Valeriano Weyler
Spanish General sent to Cubs to resolve disorder. Tried to crush revolt by setting up concentration camps.
4. Yellow journalism
Sensational style of writing, increases American sympathy for Cuba.
5. De Lôme letter
Private letter leaked to the public, critisizing president Mckinley.
6. U.S.S. Maine
American ship to cuba to bring home american citizens, explodes.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba
Freed from Spain
8. Puerto Rico
became a US territory
9. Guam
became a US Territory
10. Philippine Islands
Goes to the U.S. for 20 million dollars.
Friday, October 23, 2009
US Imperialism Begins
1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
Desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, belief in cultural superiority, manifest destiny, needed more natural resources
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The beleif in cultural superiority meant that the Americans thought that their way of life was thee way God intended people to live and that all other cultures should wear their clothes, worship their God and have jobs. The desire for military strength meant that the US wanted to establish itself as a major force and be able to defend itself against other major powers.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Seward's Folly was the purchase of Alaska because people did not think that the expensive land had any real value to it.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
Sugar accounted for 3/4ths of Hawaii's wealth and America controlled this product.
6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
Pearl Harbor was a very valuable military location and the Us recognized this. The thought that if they had control over the Hawaiian islands than they essentially controlled the Pacific Ocean. The also feared Britain and China taking over the island.Hawaii also had lots of potential for new markets with all the sugar and different crops being grown there.
Desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, belief in cultural superiority, manifest destiny, needed more natural resources
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The beleif in cultural superiority meant that the Americans thought that their way of life was thee way God intended people to live and that all other cultures should wear their clothes, worship their God and have jobs. The desire for military strength meant that the US wanted to establish itself as a major force and be able to defend itself against other major powers.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Seward's Folly was the purchase of Alaska because people did not think that the expensive land had any real value to it.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
Sugar accounted for 3/4ths of Hawaii's wealth and America controlled this product.
6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
Pearl Harbor was a very valuable military location and the Us recognized this. The thought that if they had control over the Hawaiian islands than they essentially controlled the Pacific Ocean. The also feared Britain and China taking over the island.Hawaii also had lots of potential for new markets with all the sugar and different crops being grown there.
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson
Read Chapter 17-4 (Progressivism Under Taft) and Chapter 17-5 (Wilson's New Freedom)
Title: Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson Labels: Wilson, Taft, Progressive_Era
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
Taft had been Roosevelt's secretary of war. Roosevelt hand picked him to run.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
After returning from Africa, Roosevelt decided to run for president for a third term.Taft was in office.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
Split Republican votes helped Woodrow Wilson the election in 1912.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
The New Freedom platform used antitrust legislation to attack trusts and monopolies. He got congress to pass the Clayton Antitrust Act and The Federal Trade Commission.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The nineteenth amendment gives women the right to vote.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
America's entry into World War I provided a distraction from reform efforts and caused them to come to a stand-still.
Title: Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson Labels: Wilson, Taft, Progressive_Era
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
Taft had been Roosevelt's secretary of war. Roosevelt hand picked him to run.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
After returning from Africa, Roosevelt decided to run for president for a third term.Taft was in office.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
Split Republican votes helped Woodrow Wilson the election in 1912.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
The New Freedom platform used antitrust legislation to attack trusts and monopolies. He got congress to pass the Clayton Antitrust Act and The Federal Trade Commission.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The nineteenth amendment gives women the right to vote.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
America's entry into World War I provided a distraction from reform efforts and caused them to come to a stand-still.
Child Labor Reform Photographs
Objective Assessment
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
*a little girl not very old
*worn/threadbare clothing
*she has one of her hands on a bog weaving machine, the machine is very big next to her
*messy hair
*the building looks like it is crumbling
*dirty
The girl is said to be 51 inches tall, not very tall at all.She and children her age and size make up about 1/5 of the employees at the mill.She has to run 4 of the machines but only gets paid 48 cents a day. She said that sometimes she works into the night. The building is probably not well lit so that makes it even more dangersous. Also if she is working into the night she is probably working brutally long hours. She said she is not old enough to work, so the factory hires her illegally which would make it even easier to give her unfair hours and pay.She looks very dirty and unkempt so she probably doesnt get a chance to clean herself even though the building she works in is very dirty. There is visible dirt on the windowsill. The machines that she works with are significantly taller than she is, and it would be even more dangerous to work near them than it would be for a larger person. She probably comes form a very poor family (worn out clothes) and is forced to work that job so she can afford food.
Photograph B
*5 girls
*Visible dirt on faces and clothes
* bad posture (hunched)
*all the girls are very small, young
The girls probably have lives similar to the girl in the first photograph. In the notes it says that they are from Bibb mfg. Co, so they are workers of some sort. The girl in the middle looks like she might have some sort of deformity, probably from either bad nutrition and lack of food or the conditions she works in. The five of them work together for the same company so it is not unusual to have child laborors. They all look a little tired, not energetic like girls theri age would be today. That is probably because they are exhausted from work and are not being nourished by food. They are all standing close together, they probably know eachother well becasue the probably spend more time arounf each other than their famililies.
Photograph C
*very small girl
*two huge machines
*There is trash all over the floor.
*girl is alone, no adults around looking after her
Although the overseer claimed that "she just happened there" it was apparenrt that she had been working continuosly with the other workers.There were alot og kids her size working there. She was probably doing the same work of an adult multiple times her size and getting paid significantly less. Her small size would put her at even greater risk of injury and she was probably used to climb in between machines. Adults were probably too busy with theri own work to notice what she was doing, so there was no one to supervise her and make sure she didnt get hurt, which young children often do by themselves. She was probably from a poor family with limited income, maybe a large family that could not afford all their children so they have to work to scrape by.
Photograph D
*little boy
*selling a paper
*in middle of street
*people passing by
This little boy was working on a saturday afternoon, he probably had a week job too. His face looks crumpled and beggar-like. He is probably tired and frustrated because the people in the photograph are passing and not buying from his or even looking in his direction. The other people in the photgraph look to be middle class and better dressed than he is. They are not buying a paper from him. They probably want nothing to do with him.When it is cold oputside his clothes probably do not keep him warm enough but he would still have to work. He looks very thin, possibly malnourished.
Photograph E
*lots of boys
*looks like there is soot on their faces
*limited widnow space/light
*cramped
*dirty room, windows floors
*the beams of wood look old
*two boys standing over the others boys and supervising.
This is a picture of a coal co. where is is extremely susty and the dust will fill the boys' lung. Sometimes the dust was so thick that is was almost impossible to see. The boys who are standing can prod or kick the other boys to do their work and be obiedient. The boys are probably trapped in here for long hours. They probably have a hard time breathing from all the soot in their lungs.They all look fairly young. They probably have to work in such bad conditions because they are desperate for money and food. it is most likely very cold in the winter/very hot in the summer. If they work at night it woukd be impossible to see anything. Some of them might have permanetly imparied vision from so much dust alwasy in theri eyes.
Photograph F
*lots of pipes
*men but also very small boys
*all have dirty/sweaty faces
*small room
*dirty
*bad lighting
This is a picture of a glass works shop. There are no windows which would make it hard to see/breathe and dangerous with so little light. The boys vary in age, so little boys are expected to do the same work of boys much older. The older boys are probably abusive to the younger boys. There are lots of pipes and tools, making the small room even more cluttered and hazarous. The room is very dirty and the boys look sweaty and dirty probably because they are doing difficult labor.
Photograph G
*oyster shuck
*long table
*many people standing around it
*adults as well as very small children
*small window
*trash littering the ground
*hanging light bulbs
These workers began at 3:30 am and were not supposed to finish until 5;oo am. The little girl in the senter of the photograph is also working and helping her mother. These workers were probably having trouble seeing because they were working at night and there were scarce light bulbs. The mother is allowing her daughter to work with her showing that she was probably hugley overworked herself.
Photograph H
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
*a little girl not very old
*worn/threadbare clothing
*she has one of her hands on a bog weaving machine, the machine is very big next to her
*messy hair
*the building looks like it is crumbling
*dirty
The girl is said to be 51 inches tall, not very tall at all.She and children her age and size make up about 1/5 of the employees at the mill.She has to run 4 of the machines but only gets paid 48 cents a day. She said that sometimes she works into the night. The building is probably not well lit so that makes it even more dangersous. Also if she is working into the night she is probably working brutally long hours. She said she is not old enough to work, so the factory hires her illegally which would make it even easier to give her unfair hours and pay.She looks very dirty and unkempt so she probably doesnt get a chance to clean herself even though the building she works in is very dirty. There is visible dirt on the windowsill. The machines that she works with are significantly taller than she is, and it would be even more dangerous to work near them than it would be for a larger person. She probably comes form a very poor family (worn out clothes) and is forced to work that job so she can afford food.
Photograph B
*5 girls
*Visible dirt on faces and clothes
* bad posture (hunched)
*all the girls are very small, young
The girls probably have lives similar to the girl in the first photograph. In the notes it says that they are from Bibb mfg. Co, so they are workers of some sort. The girl in the middle looks like she might have some sort of deformity, probably from either bad nutrition and lack of food or the conditions she works in. The five of them work together for the same company so it is not unusual to have child laborors. They all look a little tired, not energetic like girls theri age would be today. That is probably because they are exhausted from work and are not being nourished by food. They are all standing close together, they probably know eachother well becasue the probably spend more time arounf each other than their famililies.
Photograph C
*very small girl
*two huge machines
*There is trash all over the floor.
*girl is alone, no adults around looking after her
Although the overseer claimed that "she just happened there" it was apparenrt that she had been working continuosly with the other workers.There were alot og kids her size working there. She was probably doing the same work of an adult multiple times her size and getting paid significantly less. Her small size would put her at even greater risk of injury and she was probably used to climb in between machines. Adults were probably too busy with theri own work to notice what she was doing, so there was no one to supervise her and make sure she didnt get hurt, which young children often do by themselves. She was probably from a poor family with limited income, maybe a large family that could not afford all their children so they have to work to scrape by.
Photograph D
*little boy
*selling a paper
*in middle of street
*people passing by
This little boy was working on a saturday afternoon, he probably had a week job too. His face looks crumpled and beggar-like. He is probably tired and frustrated because the people in the photograph are passing and not buying from his or even looking in his direction. The other people in the photgraph look to be middle class and better dressed than he is. They are not buying a paper from him. They probably want nothing to do with him.When it is cold oputside his clothes probably do not keep him warm enough but he would still have to work. He looks very thin, possibly malnourished.
Photograph E
*lots of boys
*looks like there is soot on their faces
*limited widnow space/light
*cramped
*dirty room, windows floors
*the beams of wood look old
*two boys standing over the others boys and supervising.
This is a picture of a coal co. where is is extremely susty and the dust will fill the boys' lung. Sometimes the dust was so thick that is was almost impossible to see. The boys who are standing can prod or kick the other boys to do their work and be obiedient. The boys are probably trapped in here for long hours. They probably have a hard time breathing from all the soot in their lungs.They all look fairly young. They probably have to work in such bad conditions because they are desperate for money and food. it is most likely very cold in the winter/very hot in the summer. If they work at night it woukd be impossible to see anything. Some of them might have permanetly imparied vision from so much dust alwasy in theri eyes.
Photograph F
*lots of pipes
*men but also very small boys
*all have dirty/sweaty faces
*small room
*dirty
*bad lighting
This is a picture of a glass works shop. There are no windows which would make it hard to see/breathe and dangerous with so little light. The boys vary in age, so little boys are expected to do the same work of boys much older. The older boys are probably abusive to the younger boys. There are lots of pipes and tools, making the small room even more cluttered and hazarous. The room is very dirty and the boys look sweaty and dirty probably because they are doing difficult labor.
Photograph G
*oyster shuck
*long table
*many people standing around it
*adults as well as very small children
*small window
*trash littering the ground
*hanging light bulbs
These workers began at 3:30 am and were not supposed to finish until 5;oo am. The little girl in the senter of the photograph is also working and helping her mother. These workers were probably having trouble seeing because they were working at night and there were scarce light bulbs. The mother is allowing her daughter to work with her showing that she was probably hugley overworked herself.
Photograph H
Thursday, October 8, 2009
TR's Square Deal
1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?
Roosevelt used the news and media to his advantage as well as his popularity and personality. Through his campaigns and leadership he created the modern presidency.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
It set the precedent that when a strike interfered with the public welfare the federal government was expected to intervene.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
Roosevelt gave the government more power to regulate the railroads. He passed the Interstate Commerce Act, the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
The Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act both looked out for the citizens' well-being.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
Roosevelt made conservation of the environment a primary concern.He set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves, 1.8 million acres of water power sites, 80 million acres of land to be explored for minerals and water resources and also established over 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks.
Sunday, October 4, 2009
Urbanization
1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization is the growth of cities, mostly in northeast and midwest regions.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Cities were both inexpensive and convenient, they offered jobs for unskilled workers like jobs working in mills and factories. With the improvement of farming technology, farming required less laborers and as a result many farmer's were put out of jobs. To find new jobs, rural farmers moved from the country to the city.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
The housing problems that many city dwellers faced all came from over crowding and unsanitary conditions. New York state, upon seeing these conditions tried to set laws to set minimum standards, but this backfired and led to even worse living conditions. Tenements began being built with air shafts, but because garbage piled up, people dumped the trash into the air shafts which led to vermin problems. To block the bad smells, people nailed the windows shut. This caused the tenements to become even worse than before.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Immigration
1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
There were many reasons that a new flock of immigrants form Eastern europe and different Asian countries came to America in the late 19th and 20th centuries. For some, there was the promise of making a better life, becoming a rich business man and being well respected. Some immigrant, who came from countries with job shortages,only wanted to make money in America and then return home. Many immigrants were escaping hardships like religious persecution, famine and land shortages. In many eastern European countries there was a rapidly growing population that was leading to a shortage on farming land. There was also an overall feeling of rebellion in late 19th century Eastern Europe that motivated people to begin independent lives in America.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
Immigrants faced unique challenges when arriving in the United States. It usually began with the journey over, across the Atlantic Ocean took about a week, while across the Pacific Ocean took almost three weeks. Immigrants could usually only afford the very cheapest class and were crowded together beneath the deck in an environment that fostered disease and illness. Then upon arriving in the United States they had to meet certain legal requirements. They had to have at least a little money with them and could not have been convicted of a felony. At immgiration stations like Ellis Island and Angel Island, immigrants were sometimes detained and questioned. At ANgel Island, the questioning was much harsher and the detainment period could last for several days. If they were admitted into the country a whole new set of problems arose: how to fit into a foreign culture along with getting a job and settling into a life. Many immigrants, although they tried to blend into to the American culture, were reluctant to completely abandon their own culture. This is part of the reason that there became a rift between native born American citizens and immigrants. Nativism grew from this dislike and with it came the thinking that Anglo-Saxon races were superior to all other races. In the West, anti-chinese feelings grew when the chinese immigrants began to take jobs that were too low paying for the native workers to take. These feelings grew more intense with the depression of 1873 and soon people were putting pressure on the government to stop chinese immigration, which it did with the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) which was not repealed until 1943. Immigrants coming into the United States had to overcome much prejudice on top of the daunting tasks of finding jobs, adapting to a new culture and learning a new language.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Labor Unions & Big Business
- Identify each of the following events or people. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questionswho, what, where, and when.
- Explain the historical significance of each item in the space provided. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
a. Identification-founded in 1860 by Philadelphia garment cutters. Only broad-based labor organization to survive depression of the 1870's. Membership reached 730,000.
b. Significance-Welcomed women, African AMericans, immigrants and unskilled/semiskilled workers.
the Haymarket riot
a. Identification-largest spontaneous labor demonstration in the country's history. Took place on May 1, 1886. Rioters were radical anarchists and craft unionists.
b. Significance-Drew attention to the growing discontent of laborers and revived the middle-classes fear of radicalism.
the American Federation of Labor
a. Identification-became major worker's organization after the 1886 upheavals. It was an alliance of national craft unions and its members were native born skilled workers. It was headed by Samuel Gompers. Their goals were higher wages, shorter hours and the right to bargain collectively.
b. Significance-its peak membership was 2.5 million in 1917 and included 111 national unions and 27000 local unions. It accepted industrialism and worked to improve wage and hours system.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification-Immigrant who had headed the Cigar Maker's Union. He later became the leader of the American Federation of Labor.
b. Significance-Under his leadership the AFL became its most influencial with 2.5 million members. His policy was to support labor's friends and oppose its enemies regardless of party.
the Homestead strike
a. Identification-Took place on July 2, 1892 when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers decided to strike against paycuts. Henry C. Frick, the president of Carnegie Steel Company closed the plant.Frick hired 300 guards which the strikers attacked. After 5 months the strikers gave in.
b. Significance-Public pinion turns against the strikers because of an anarchist's attempt to kill Frick, although he was not a striker.
the Pullman strike
a. Identification-1894. Residents in a rigidly the rigidly controlled town of Pullman near Chigaco call a strike after the town's founder Pullman cuts wages but refuses to lower living expenses in the town. Eugene V. Debs aids strikers by refusing to handle Pullman cars but ends up being jailed. Strikers give in within 1 month.
b. Significance-President Cleveland sent troops down to crush the strike because it was "obstructing the railways and holding up the mails".
Eugene V. Debs
a. Identification-Led the American Railway Union. He was jailed for 6 months after he aided Pullman strikers.
b. Significance-The Supreme Court Upheld his prison sentence on the grounds that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce.
the Industrial Workers of the World
a. Identification-New Labor organization formed in 1905 that wanted to unify all labors and form one big union. They used tactics of socialism, violence and sabotage. "Mother" Jones, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and William D. Haywood all led strikes in western mining and lumber towns. The organization never exceeded 15,000 members.
b. Significance-Attracted lots of attention through violent strikes.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
14-3 Terms and Names
Read Chapter 14-3 and then identify the significance of each of the following terms / names: (Post your answers in your blog before the beginning of class.)
Andrew Carnegie- after gradually working his way up, Carnegie became an industrial mogul after his boss gave him the opportunity to buy stocks. With his money he supported many charities. He is an example of an American success story.
Social Darwinism- philosophy lading to beliefs that success and failure were governed by natural law and no outside force should have control over it.
John D. Rockefeller- Established the Standard Oil Company. The company went to processing about 3 percent of the countries oil to owning 90 percent of all oil refining companies within a decade. Rockefeller drove competitors out of business by lowering prices to less than t cost to make it and then hiking them up when the competition was gone. Despite this he had donated over 500 million dollars to charity.
Andrew Carnegie- after gradually working his way up, Carnegie became an industrial mogul after his boss gave him the opportunity to buy stocks. With his money he supported many charities. He is an example of an American success story.
Social Darwinism- philosophy lading to beliefs that success and failure were governed by natural law and no outside force should have control over it.
John D. Rockefeller- Established the Standard Oil Company. The company went to processing about 3 percent of the countries oil to owning 90 percent of all oil refining companies within a decade. Rockefeller drove competitors out of business by lowering prices to less than t cost to make it and then hiking them up when the competition was gone. Despite this he had donated over 500 million dollars to charity.
Sherman Antitrust Act-in 1890 this act made it illegal to establish trust that interfered with free trade between states or between other countries.
Samuel Gompers- led the cigar market's international trade union to join with other craft unions in 1886. Was also president of The American Federation of Labor.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Eugene V. Debs- attempted to form an industrial union, the American Railway Union. In 1894 the union won a strike for higher wages.
Industrial Workers of the World- was composed of miners, lumberers, cannery and dock workers. It welcomed african americans although it never became as big as the ARU. They one only one major strike in 1912. Also called the Wobblies.
Mary Harris Jones-supported the great strike of 1877 and later organized the UNited MIne Workers of America. She was in jail with coal miners and had had her life threatened by people before. In 1903 she took a group of 80 child mill workers who had been disfigured in their work to the white house to see president Rosevelt, which helped to pass child labor laws.
Samuel Gompers- led the cigar market's international trade union to join with other craft unions in 1886. Was also president of The American Federation of Labor.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Eugene V. Debs- attempted to form an industrial union, the American Railway Union. In 1894 the union won a strike for higher wages.
Industrial Workers of the World- was composed of miners, lumberers, cannery and dock workers. It welcomed african americans although it never became as big as the ARU. They one only one major strike in 1912. Also called the Wobblies.
Mary Harris Jones-supported the great strike of 1877 and later organized the UNited MIne Workers of America. She was in jail with coal miners and had had her life threatened by people before. In 1903 she took a group of 80 child mill workers who had been disfigured in their work to the white house to see president Rosevelt, which helped to pass child labor laws.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Railroad Development
The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
The growth of railroads was very beneficial to the United States. Railroads made westward expansion a reality for both private settlers and businesses. Railroads connected different regions of the country and made is possible for these regions and towns to specialize in a specific product and be able to trade efficiently and successfully with other parts of the country, which boosted the economy. These towns were able to ship much bigger quantities of their product around the country and therefore they became more prosperous. Iron, steel, lumber and glass industries expanded in the country because the supplies were needed to build more railroads. Railroads created job opportunities (although the conditions were brutal) for out of work veterans and immigrants, especially Chinese immigrants. Railroads allowed cities to grow and branch out, filling up with employees. For example the town of Pullman was created as a place for employees of the sleeper and other railroad car manufacturing factory to live in. The government was able to enjoy the success of all these new industries because of railroads and railroad companies.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Expansion of Industry
Question:
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States
The three major contributing factors of the technological boom that tool place in the United States after the Civil War were large quantities of natural resources (like oil), the government supporting businesses, and expanding populations in cities that would provide cheap labor and serve as a consumer market.
Natural resources that aided the technological boom were oil and iron and later other scrap metals that could be made into steal. Oil was purified into kerosene (used in lamps) and during the process, gasoline is released. With the invention of the automobile, gasolines became very important and fueled the automobiles. Iron was first transformed into steal through a process called the Bessemer process. Steel was important because it was both lightweight and durable and made it possible for architectural feats like the Brooklyn Bridge and the first skyscraper to be built.
Expanding urban populations were also very important in assisting the advancement of technology in the late 19th century. With new machines, there was a need for factory workers. The same workers were also buying the products, For example, women who would have previously been sewing clothing for their families at home were now buying the clothes made in factories where many of the workers manning the machines were women themselves.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Westward Expansion Questions
1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?
Part of the federal government's policy of assimilation involved setting aside land for native americans that they would be able to sell and make a profit from. However many white settlers completely ignored this and settled most of the land. The Native Americans did not make any profit from it. Also. part of assimilation meant that the Native Americans would be forced to give up their own spirituality and culture and adapt to the white way of life. Native Americans did not react well to this because their culture was extremely important to them. They were used to hunting and gathering while white people farmed. Native Americans were dependent on buffalo and white men shot huge amounts of buffalo until only one herd remained, Whites were also largely hostile toward Native Americans, with attacks like the Massacre at Sand Creek. The government had no real reason to keep its promises to Native Americans, they had been breaking deals with them for years and years.
Think About:
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
The Homestead Act promised 160 acres of land out west to head of households. Railroads provided jobs for many men and some of the companies offered farmers land. The promise of free, large amounts of land drew many people out west. However the land in the west was not as fertile as other farming lands and harder to work. Hundreds of thousands of people took up the government's offers only to be disappointed with the land they received. Still many farmers were moving out there so the government's effort to settle the land were successful. But still railroads and government state agents abused the law and used the land for themselves, most of it did not go to private settlers. But then the government amped up The Homestead Act and huge flocks of people began rapidly moving to present day Oklahoma.
Think about:
Think About:
- Native Americans' way of life
- Cultural differences
- Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
- Government promises
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
The Homestead Act promised 160 acres of land out west to head of households. Railroads provided jobs for many men and some of the companies offered farmers land. The promise of free, large amounts of land drew many people out west. However the land in the west was not as fertile as other farming lands and harder to work. Hundreds of thousands of people took up the government's offers only to be disappointed with the land they received. Still many farmers were moving out there so the government's effort to settle the land were successful. But still railroads and government state agents abused the law and used the land for themselves, most of it did not go to private settlers. But then the government amped up The Homestead Act and huge flocks of people began rapidly moving to present day Oklahoma.
Think about:
- The growth in population on the Great Plains
- The role of railroads in the economy
- The Homestead Act
Monday, September 7, 2009
Iraq Q & A
Part I Questions:
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: The Kurds live in the mountainous region of Iraq called Kurdistan. They are the majority in the north. Shi'a: The Shi'a live in the south where most of Iraq's oil reserves are. Sunnis: The Sunnis usually live in area's with less oil. All groups mix in near Baghdad.
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?The Kurds and the Shi'a hold power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?Iraq was thought to be rich in oil (important for military and civilian use) and Britain was a country poor in oil.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
pan-Arabists advocated for independence from the middle-east and severed ties with Britain. Some of the extremists supported Germany.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?Increase oil prices gave him money to provide free education, created a public health care system and reform the agricultural system. His organization of these changes made him more popular and powerful.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?During President Reagan's administration the U.S. remained neutral until in 1986 Iran became more aggressive in attacks against Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. The U.S. gave Iraq military intelligence and American weapons as well as allowing Kuwaiti ships to sail under protection of the American flag with military escorts.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. Concern about consequences that would come with being in control of an unstable Iraq.
b. Did not want to destroy Iraq's army and Saddam Hussein.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences? The three major ethnic and religious groups in Iraq are the Kurds, the Shi'a and the Sunnis. Kurds seek independence from Iraq. Shi'a and Sunnis are both Arab but they are divided due to religious debates. Sunnis were in control of Iraq for most of its history but more recently the Shi'a have gained power. Sunnis support strong government control while the Shi'a emphasize social justice and individual morals. It is important to understand these differences because it gives a better understanding of the groups' motivations for wanting to gain power. It also gives more insight into the ethnic cleansing that occurs in Iraq and why there is so much hatred between the groups. Also it is important to distinguish the groups because if one were to gain control the actions they would take would be very different from the actions of another group. For example, the Shi'a want to resist U.S. dominance while the Kurds only want to become independent.
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a.
Iraq's alleged weapons program
b.
al Qaeda:
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: The Kurds live in the mountainous region of Iraq called Kurdistan. They are the majority in the north. Shi'a: The Shi'a live in the south where most of Iraq's oil reserves are. Sunnis: The Sunnis usually live in area's with less oil. All groups mix in near Baghdad.
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?The Kurds and the Shi'a hold power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?Iraq was thought to be rich in oil (important for military and civilian use) and Britain was a country poor in oil.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
pan-Arabists advocated for independence from the middle-east and severed ties with Britain. Some of the extremists supported Germany.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?Increase oil prices gave him money to provide free education, created a public health care system and reform the agricultural system. His organization of these changes made him more popular and powerful.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?During President Reagan's administration the U.S. remained neutral until in 1986 Iran became more aggressive in attacks against Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. The U.S. gave Iraq military intelligence and American weapons as well as allowing Kuwaiti ships to sail under protection of the American flag with military escorts.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. Concern about consequences that would come with being in control of an unstable Iraq.
b. Did not want to destroy Iraq's army and Saddam Hussein.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences? The three major ethnic and religious groups in Iraq are the Kurds, the Shi'a and the Sunnis. Kurds seek independence from Iraq. Shi'a and Sunnis are both Arab but they are divided due to religious debates. Sunnis were in control of Iraq for most of its history but more recently the Shi'a have gained power. Sunnis support strong government control while the Shi'a emphasize social justice and individual morals. It is important to understand these differences because it gives a better understanding of the groups' motivations for wanting to gain power. It also gives more insight into the ethnic cleansing that occurs in Iraq and why there is so much hatred between the groups. Also it is important to distinguish the groups because if one were to gain control the actions they would take would be very different from the actions of another group. For example, the Shi'a want to resist U.S. dominance while the Kurds only want to become independent.
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a.
Iraq's alleged weapons program
b.
Iraq's sponsorship of terrorism
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. To end Saddam Hussein's regime and to uncover weapons of mass destruction.
b. To establish democracy in Iraq and transform the Middle East.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. Many Iraqis are upset about the U.S. army remaining in Iraq.
b. Many Iraqis are distrustful of the new government.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a:
The Shi'a aim to combat U.S. control as well as Sunni dominance as well as expand their own power as a political and military group in Iraq.
Sunni:
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. To end Saddam Hussein's regime and to uncover weapons of mass destruction.
b. To establish democracy in Iraq and transform the Middle East.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. Many Iraqis are upset about the U.S. army remaining in Iraq.
b. Many Iraqis are distrustful of the new government.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a:
The Shi'a aim to combat U.S. control as well as Sunni dominance as well as expand their own power as a political and military group in Iraq.
Sunni:
The Sunnis resist U.S. forces and fight for dominance with the Shi'a. Some join U.S. forces and combat al-Queda in Iraq. They are a purely military group.
Kurd:
Kurd:
The Kurd want to become a separate state from Iraq and gain Kurdish independence. They are a political/military group.
al Qaeda:
al-Queda is made up of both Sunnis and non-Iraqis. They are a military group focused on starting an Iraq civil war and ridding Iraq of the U.S.
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